In recent years, as the tax season approached, Allegro has published extensive tax tips provided by Local 802’s accounting firm, Gould, Kobrick & Schlapp, P.C. Many aspects of the tax law have not changed for many years – although major changes are looming as a result of passage of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001. However, the most sweeping changes won’t take effect until the 2002 tax year.

Some modest changes were made for 2001, and a listing of those most likely to affect 802 members appears in the box below. Next fall, we will ask our accountants for a report on tax law changes that you should be aware of before the year ends, while there is still time to take advantage of them.

The following outline focuses on aspects of the tax law that specifically affect musicians. For additional information on deductions, exemptions, filing status, etc., see a tax advisor or consult the IRS instructions for Form 1040.

INCOME & RELATED EXPENSES

Professional musicians may have income from which tax has been withheld (W-2) or income from self-employment where neither tax nor Social Security has been deducted. If the musician is self-employed, all allowable travel and other expenses should be deducted on Schedule C before the adjusted gross income is entered on page 1 of the tax return. If the musician has only W-2 wages, these expenses must be deducted on Schedule A.

Reimbursements for expenses (e.g., travel and entertainment) received under an accountable plan do not show up on the musician’s Form W-2, are not reported as income, and do not give rise to deductions. However, if the employee’s expenses exceed reimbursements, the excess may be claimed on Form 2106 as an employee business expense.

Generally, reimbursements are considered received under an accountable plan if:

• They are made for deductible business expenses;
• The employee accounts for the expenses to the employer; and
• The employee returns any excess reimbursement.

Reimbursements received under a non-accountable plan (any plan other than an accountable plan) are subject to withholding and employment taxes and are shown as wages on Form W-2 and must be reported as income on Form 1040. The employee may be able to offset the extra income by claiming employee business expenses on Form 2106, but such expenses, along with other miscellaneous itemized deductions, may be claimed only to the extent they exceed 2 percent of adjusted gross income.

TRAVEL EXPENSES

The deductibility of long-distance travel involving railroad or plane fares is fairly clear. The fares, plus related costs — such as taxis to or from the depot, baggage-handling charges and passports — are all deductible as travel expenses. If you were away from home overnight, you may also deduct all of the following expenses: 50 percent of meals and entertainment; 100 percent of travel and lodging; laundry and cleaning; tips to bellhops and chambermaids; and transportation at destination.

Musicians may also use their own cars for business travel. The deductible items involved include: depreciation of the cost of the auto; gas, oil and tires; insurance, license and registration fees; parking expenses (e.g. garage rental or parking meters); parkway or bridge tolls; and finance charges on purchase of the auto.

The point to remember in deducting auto expenses is that after you have totaled all of these costs, you must subtract that portion used for personal purposes. The regulations call for an allocation based upon both time and mileage used, and this is often the most difficult part of the calculation.

An alternate method involves computing the amount of business mileage and then multiplying that amount by 34.5 cents a mile for all business miles driven. You may still deduct direct costs such as parking and tolls (but not depreciation, gas or oil).

The real problem in travel expenses is determining what portion of local travel (that is, not away from home overnight) is deductible. In no case are personal meals deductible if the musician does not sleep away from home.

The regulations say that commuting costs are not deductible. This means that if the musician travels only from home to the hall and back again, the costs of travel are not deductible – even if the instruments are so bulky and heavy that it is impossible to use public transportation. The costs of transporting instruments to and from work are deductible only if extra costs were incurred.

If you are playing more than one job during the day, you may use the business mileage formula described above for travel between jobs. Again, except for any additional expenses, there is no auto deduction for travel to the first job or home from the last.

JOB EXPENSES

Bills are required as proof for all job expense items exceeding $75 but there are many items of a lesser amount – such as tips and taxi fares – where no proof may be obtained. Detailed records must be kept of these expenses (and of business mileage if a car is involved) through a careful diary or log. Keeping such records takes time and effort. If your return is ever examined, however, you could lose your entire deduction in the absence of a good log or diary.

Numerous other items are deductible by the professional musician. Among these are education expenses, accounting fees and fees for investment advice.

With regard to education, you may take a deduction for any training or coaching that sharpens your present job or professional skills, or meets the expressed requirements of your employer for you to retain your job. You may also be able to deduct the cost of a course if you are entering a new specialty within the music field.

Also deductible are employees’ expenses incurred in the practice of your profession. In addition to the travel expenses discussed above, they include:

• Union dues, assessments and initiation fees;
• Commissions paid to agents and booking offices;
• Dues to other professional societies;
• Rehearsal hall, studio or office rental;
• Sheet music, transcriptions, arrangements, records, manuscript paper, etc.;
• Stationery, printing and postage used in business;
• Telephone and telegraph used for business (a portion of your home phone may be deducted);
• Books and subscriptions to professional journals;
• Advertising and photographs for promotion;
• Other promotional expenses such as entertaining potential purchasers of music and gifts (not exceeding $25 per recipient);
• Repairs and upkeep of instruments;
• Insurance on instruments;
• Substitutes’ pay
• Legal expenses for drawing up contracts of employment;
• Rental of instruments; and
• Depreciation of instruments or recording equipment.

Self-employed musicians (those who use Schedule C) may take tax deductions for contributions made to formal pension or profit-sharing plans for themselves and their employees. The procedures for this are quite complicated, and we advise that professional assistance be employed.

Note that two items – home office expenses and expenses for uniforms – were omitted from the above list. A word of caution is needed as to their deductibility.

HOME OFFICE EXPENSES

You may claim a deduction if you use your home office exclusively and regularly for the administration or management activities of your business, and you have no other fixed location where you conduct such activities. Exclusive use means that the office space must not be used for personal purposes. And you may not deduct home office expenses in excess of your net income as a musician.

EXPENSES FOR UNIFORMS

The cost of uniforms and other apparel, including their cleaning, laundering and repair, is deductible only if the garments are specially required in order for you to keep your job and are not adaptable to general or continued wear, to the extent that they could replace your regular clothing.

You may not deduct the cost of ordinary clothes used as work clothes on the grounds that they get harder use than customary garments; that they are soiled after a day’s work and cannot be worn socially; or that they were purchased for your convenience to save wear and tear on your better clothes.

That your job requires you to wear expensive clothing is not, according to the IRS, a basis for deducting the cost of the clothes, if the clothing is suitable for wear off the job. Deductions have been allowed to musicians for formal wear and the costs of theatrical clothing and accessories, if these items are not suitable for ordinary use.

A great deal of specific information appears in the booklet every taxpayer is sent with pre-addressed income tax forms. If you have a complicated return or a particular tax problem, consult your own tax advisor or, if you prefer, contact one of the IRS taxpayer assistance sections at any of its offices.

AMONG TAX CHANGES FOR 2001

• The basic tax rates drop by half a percentage point. If you are in the current 28 percent rate, your 2001 tax rate will be 27.5 percent; the current 31 percent rate drops to 30.5 percent; the current 36 percent rate drops to 35.5 percent, and the current 39.6 percent rate drops to 39.1 percent.
• The child tax credit has increased to $600 from $500, for eligible taxpayers who have a qualifying dependent child under age 17.
• The basic standard deduction is $4,550 for singles; $6,650 for heads of household; $7,600 for married filing jointly and $3,800 for married filing singly.
• The maximum student loan interest deduction is $2,500, up from $2,000.
• The standard mileage rate for business use of your car is 34.5 cents for all business miles.
• Wages and self-employment earnings of up to $80,400 (up from $76,200) are subject to the Social Security tax in 2001.